13.8 Charts requiring caution

• Pie and donut charts make close comparisons difficult.
• Three-dimensional effects distort apparent size.
• Dual axes can create relationships through scale choice.
• Truncated bar axes exaggerate differences.
• Stacked areas make internal categories difficult to compare.
• Dense tables hide the important comparison.
• Maps of raw counts often reproduce population size.

These forms are not automatically dishonest, but they require a clear reason and careful design.